What is the BizOMadness Blog?

This blog is devoted to raising critical awareness of psychiatry generally. It is likewise devoted to the antipsychiatry research projects, publications, and related activities of Dr. Bonnie Burstow. Especially foregrounded are The Psychiatry Project, The Madness Project, and "Psychiatry and the Business of Madness". Related to one another, The Psychiatry Project and The Madness Project involve hundreds of interviews, a dozen focus groups, analysis of several hundred documents and their activation, and dedicated periods of institutional observation. The culmination of both as well as of decades of related interviews and activities is "Psychiatry and the Business of Madness" (timely updates on its publication will be provided)--a cutting edge book in which psychiatry is investigated from multiple angles and which begins to tackle the inevitable question: So if we get rid of psychiatry, where do we go from there?

For the Events page to find events related to this research or this book, see
http://bizomadnessevents.blogspot.ca/

To check out reviews of Psychiatry and the Business of Madness and related publications, see http://bizomadnessreviews.blogspot.ca/

Thursday, August 27, 2015

What is The Bonnie Burstow Blog All About?: Getting A Sense of the Territory

[my first blog on Rabble, with whom I also maintain a blogsite. For the original publication of this article, see http://rabble.ca/blogs/bloggers/bonnie-burstow/2015/08/what-bonnie-burstow-blog-all-about-getting-sense-territory
]
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As I sit down to draft the first of what will hopefully be a long series of articles for Rabble.ca, I am aware that I am carving out a very new type of space; and so an introduction of sorts is in order. So what is this new space about? The clue is in the title. 

All words in the title of the blog site are pointers, signaling what to expect. On a relatively simple level, The Bonnie Burstow Blog is antipsychiatry. At the same time, the positioning of the phrase "Toward a World with Commons" announces that the blog is concerned with piecing together a vision of a better society that we might jointly build together—one based on such values as sharing, mutuality, equality, participatory governance, freedom. Does the society being envisioning include services for those with emotional difficulties (people currently deemed "mentally ill")?  Absolutely, and an abundance thereof but not services "managed" by "experts" -- for rule by experts, however benign individual experts may be, is part of what has landed us in the current morass.

So what kind of articles might you find? Articles that demonstrate psychiatry’s invalidity and the harm it does, which makes visible the ideological circularity and how psychiatry functions as a regime of ruling, that illustrate the tie-in with other forms of oppression (e.g., sexism and racism). Articles that explore non-psychiatric community-oriented approaches to helping people, which, for example, delve into participatory ways of resolving conflict, while attending to the well being and safety of everyone. Articles on how to create a society where people can thrive, where there is greater acceptance of difference, which is less alienated/alienating. In this regard, the "commoning" of services are likely to figure particularly prominently, for it is precisely what we create together as opposed to what is bestowed upon us where I would suggest that the promise lies.

That said, my suspicion is that at that this point, most readers are to varying degrees in agreement with expanding the social commons. I suspect as well that many are uneasy about the enormous power of psychiatry, also by its relentless pursuit of ever more markets. This withstanding, I suspect as well that most are convinced that even though it ought to be reined in, that psychiatry has a legitimate place in the scheme of things, for however important the social is, it is believed, we are, after all, talking about bone fide illnesses for which some measure of "medical treatment" is in order. That is, there are "diseases" here for which substances like psychiatric drugs are necessary. Such are the beliefs of most people. And for the most  part, such are what people are socialized to believe.

In the interests of helping readers begin grappling with this common set of beliefs right from the start (and please excuse the objectivizing language) let me introduce some relevant "myths" and "facts":

MYTH/PSYCHIATRIC CLAIM:
Minds can be ill, hence the validity of the concept "mental" illness.
FACT:
Minds are activities of bodies and can no more be ill than other activities like "running" can be -- also an activity of the body. Only an organ (the brain, for example), can be the site of an illness.

MYTH/ CLAIM:
It has been proven that "mental illnesses" are bone fide brain diseases.
FACT:
While claims about proof are repeatedly made, none of the phenomena framed as "mental illnesses" have been shown to be a "brain illness." Not even "schizophrenia" (see in this regard, Burstow, 2015 and Robert Whitaker, 2002).

MYTH/ CLAIM:
Chemical imbalances have been established for most "mental illnesses."
FACT:
Not a single chemical imbalance has ever been found for a single "mental illness."

MYTH/ CLAIM:
Even if there are no chemical imbalances, there are other physical indicators of "mental illnesses."
FACT:  Not a single physical abnormality has been found for a single "mental illness."

MYTH/ CLAIM:
Psychiatric drugs correct chemical imbalances.
FACT:
Not only is there no proof of this, there is incontrovertible proof that psychiatric drugs, rather, routinely create chemical imbalances. In the process brain damage commonly occurs, much of it irreversible (see Peter Breggin, 1991).

MYTH/ CLAIM:
Psychiatry, like other branches of medicine, proceeds via a painstaking process of scientific discovery.
FACT: 
Psychiatry does not "discover" "illnesses" but proclaims them, sometimes via the mechanism of a vote, much like one votes for a candidate in an election (itself an indicator of the inherently political nature of what is transpiring -- for note, no one votes on whether or not tuberculosis is a disease). For a window onto how this disease-making process actually works, see Stuart Kirk and Herb Kutchins (1992). 

MYTH/ CLAIM: The "mentally ill" are dangerous, hence need to be controlled.
FACT: What evidence shows is that people deemed mentally ill are no more dangerous than the average person. Correspondingly, despite the panic that is whipped up whenever harm is done by someone deemed mentally ill, people so deemed are typically far less dangerous to others than others are to "them", with state-authorized "helpers" posing a special problem (see Burstow, 2015).

MYTH/CLAIM:
Horrific developments like the mass school shootings would have been prevented had only these shooters been on psychiatric drugs.
FACT:
A "side effect" of the drugs (the antidepressants and the stimulants especially) is that they can badly impair judgment and give rise to a kind of intoxication named "intoxication anosognosia." That said, while each major school shooting has culminated in a call for youth to be systematically screened for "mental illnesses," then put on psychiatric drugs as "needed," the frightening reality is that the vast majority of the school shooters were on a therapeutic dosage of either antidepressants or stimulants at the time of the shooting -- a factor which would appear to be causal (see Breggin, 2000 and 2008). What is being taken as the solution, that is, is actually one of the causes.

MYTH/ CLAIM:
New modified ECT (electroshock) minimally is safe and effective.
FACT: There is nothing new about modified shock, for it has been with us since the 1950s. Correspondingly, as researchers like Collin Ross (2006) and Howard Sackeim et al. (2007) respectively demonstrate, after six weeks no form of ECT outperforms placebo, and all result in substantial, often overwhelming cognitive impairment.

MYTH/ CLAIM: Psychiatry serves the public good.
-- Ah, but that is precisely the crux of the matter.

The point is, it is transparently the case that psychiatry permeates every facet of society, fashions how we think about things, how we deal with one another--and the contention of this blog is that is that besides that it is void of foundation, it is highly deleterious. We have a historically unprecedented number of people hooked on mind-altering drugs and brain-damaged. We have a veritable epidemic of iatrogenic (doctor-caused) diseases. We have childhood itself treated like a disease. And we have a regime that in its own way threatens the freedom of everyone.

That noted, the purpose of this blog is to help us move beyond the hegemony that has bit by bit been build up around this institution. It is about unmasking psychiatry, as it were, and promoting an "turn-about." It is about finding ways that we as members of communities can take back our power to govern ourselves and begin grappling with societal problems in a benign, participatory, caring, egalitarian, and non-coercive way. Ultimately, it is about finding ways to value and incorporate the unique wisdom and gifts of everyone.

For those intrigued, please continue to check out this blog. Correspondingly, in preparation for the challenging journey ahead -- and it will be challenging -- I would end this article by inviting readers to do three things: Whatever your beliefs about psychiatry:

1)    Try using everyday terms for the distress you see around you, including your own, that is, letting go of institutional terms and getting back to what you actually see, hear, feel (examples of institutional terms are "mental illness," "schizophrenia," "hallucination," "medication," "symptoms"). 
2)    Think of people that you know that are alienated or distressed and ask yourself -- and them: What changes in society might help them feel less distraught, less alienated, more part of the social fabric?
3)    Dare to imagine a more benign, egalitarian, respectful, and participatory world.

References

Breggin, P. (1991). Toxic Psychiatry. New York: St. Martins Press.
Breggin, P. (2008). Medication madness. New York: St. Martins.
Breggin, P. (2000). Reclaiming our children. Cambridge: Perseus Books.
Burstow, B. (2015). Psychiatry and the business of madness. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Kirk, S. and Kutchins, H. (1997). Making us crazy: The myth of the reliability of the DSM. New York: The Free Press.
Ross, R  (2006). The sham ECT literature and what it tells us. Ethical Human Psychology and Psychiatry, 8, 17-28.
Sackeim H. et. al (2007). The cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy in community settings, Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 244-255.
Whitaker, R. (2002). Mad in America. New York: Perseus Books.  

Tuesday, August 11, 2015

What Do We Owe When a Shock Survivor Dies?: On the Death of Sue Clark-Wittenberg


On August 7, 2015, prominent ECT survivor and antipsychiatry activist Sue Clark-Wittenberg died. That day, I sent the following message to members of Coalition Against Psychiatric Assault (of which Sue was one), also to my Facebook friends:

It is with profound sadness that I am writing to let everyone know that Sue Clark Wittenberg has just died, but hours ago . . . Everyone who knows anything about Sue knows that she has been an enormously important person in the community of people battling shock. A shock survivor since she was 17, Sue has fought against ECT for decades and decades, with fierce determination. She received an award from CAPA a few years ago for a lifetime of work combating psychiatry . . . May her memory be as a blessing. (personal correspondence)

A few hours after posting this, I began thinking about the loss of ECT survivor Leonard Roy Frank, that magnificent ECT warrior, famous for his activism and scholarship (e.g., Frank, 1975/1978), who likewise passed away this year. I was honoured to be one of those who memorialized Leonard. Then I found myself worrying who would memorialize Sue. Shortly, thereafter, to my relief, tributes on Facebook began pouring in.
That noted, in that moment of uncertainty, when I did not know whether or not people would rise to the occasion in response to Sue’s death, a curiously existential question came to me, which question, in part, motivated this article: What do we owe to shock survivors when they die? Whether they are extremely famous like Leonard, legendary but in more limited circles like Sue, or people leading comparatively obscure lives? Whether they were activists or folk who never became involved in a single social movement?  Whether they went on to do wonderful things like Sue or Leonard or simply went about their lives? What do we owe to each and every one of them?
One answer to this question which I would like to advance is that we owe them what we owe everyone who underwent an atrocity that is ongoing, that is being visited on others daily—doing something about that atrocity. Given, as shown by Breggin (2008) and Burstow (2015), shock is anything but a legitimate medical procedure, given that it is profoundly damaging, what we owe is doing everything in our power to rid the world of the “treatment” so that never again is it visited on anyone. Every time a survivor dies, it is minimally an opportune moment to renew our commitment and our pledge to both bring an end to this treatment and to build a world where brain-damaging people in the name of help would be unthinkable.
There is something else that we owe them as well, something of a more personal nature—and it is this that I will be honing in on in this article. We owe holding their experiences in our memory. Indeed we owe something of this ilk to everyone subjected to  ongoing atrocity, but the onus is all the more pressing here given that this “treatment” is precisely about the destruction of memory. More generally, we owe them taking very seriously the disjuncture that happened to them, however long ago—and all that this disjuncture points to. To be clear, the ethical imperative which I am referencing here is  of both a commemorative and witnessing nature for sure but likewise of a pedagogic nature. The point is that insofar as these stories can be used to conscience-raise, we help make them something beyond just the senseless tragedy which they otherwise are. A work of transformation, I would add, which the survivor takes upon themselves each and every time that they do us the courtesy of bearing testimony.
Which brings us to the Sue Clark electroshock story. The key questions taken up in this article are: What does Sue’s ECT story highlight? Exemplify? Teach us?

Sue’s Story and its Significance

Who was Sue Clark in the years before ECT? She was a very bright child, with a powerful instinct for survival.  She was also a child who had been subjected to ongoing abuse most of her life (see Burstow, 1994 and 2002, and Inquiry into Psychiatry, 2005).  
 Sue first ended up in a psychiatric institution as a teenager. How and why? Initially, she ran away from an abusive home, with that abuse at one point including sexual abuse. Now homeless, she began missing classes at school. She was soon summoned to speak to the school psychologist, who had concerns about her “absenteeism”. Upon hearing Sue’s story, the school psychologist observed that Sue needed help and suggested an appointment at the Royal Ottawa Hospital.
What can we learn from the story thus far? That at that time, minimally, there was insufficient support for abused children. What is also highlighted is the treacherous connection between school and psychiatry. Note that Sue did not have a “mental health problem”. Her “problem” was that she was being abused—and help in ending the abuse and creating safety—this was the kind of assistance that would have been useful. Instead the school psychologist began the process of redefining Sue’s problem as “mental” and turning her into a “mental patient”. What is highlighted here is at once the psychiatric transformation of social problems into personal diseases and the implication of schools in that transformation.
It was at this moment that Sue’s life as she knew it truly began to fall apart. One of the first acts of the institution was to create a “family meeting”. At the meeting, Sue courageously introduced the issue of the abuse. According to Sue, the family responded, “Oh no, we never abused Sue.” (see Burstow, 1994) Whereupon, the abuse as Sue had lived it was discounted, or put this another way, was turned into a “symptom”.
What truths about psychiatry’s mode of operating does the nature of the family meeting bring to light? That once a redefinition has occurred, the newly minted “psychiatric patient” has little credibility compared to everyone else. Indeed, the further at odds their story is with the ones of those around them, including those being identified as abusers, the more dire the mental illness that is likely to be assumed.
What happened to Sue after that? Having entered the Royal Ottawa voluntarily, she quickly found herself involuntary. States Sue, “Right away I was given heavy doses of tranquilizers. I had no coordination as I walked down the hall and had to cling to the walls.”(Inquiry into Psychiatry, 2015) In essence they drugged her into a stupor while refusing to let her go. All of which points to the brutality and the coercive of the “care” given long before ECT became part of her lived reality.
Upon being released, she went to live with her abusive family. Why? Because she had nowhere else to go and no one so much as mentioned a single resource that she might access—a reality which again points to the negligence of the “care” afforded the young.
More hospitalizations and more infringements of rights followed. Horrified by the daily infringement of her rights and understandably in despair over the turn her life had taken, one day while under lock and key at the Royal Ottawa, this increasingly desperate teenager tried to hang herself.
Obviously the question that any thinking person responsible for her care should have asked at this point was: Why did this youth resort to such a desperate measure? How are we failing this person? What this part of the story highlights is that questions of this nature are never asked. Instead, the institution continued to interpret what was happening through the frame which they had adopted from the start. To wit, her trying to kill herself, in their understanding, could mean only one thing—that her “mental disorder” was “deteriorating” and so more aggressive treatment was warranted. Whereupon, she was transferred to Brockville Psychiatric Hospital. And it is here where ECT entered in.
Once at Brockville, Sue was “informed” that she was going to be given ECT. This was a moment of absolute terror for her. She protested, stating that she feared what ECT would do to her. She was told that her worries were needless, that ECT is safe and effective— responses which, as we all know, highlight the misinformation which pervades the ECT industry (see Andre, 2009 and Burstow, 2015). What happened next?  Something that epitomizes at once power-over, indifference to people’s wishes, violence, and trauma. ECT was physically forced upon Sue, this I would add, despite the enormity and indeed transparency of her objection to it. In this regard, Sue tells us: 

On the morning of my electroshock therapy, I yelled and screamed as loud as I could, I bit the staff and I kicked them . . . but no one came to my rescue, no one helped me . . .  Eventually the staff forced me into the ECT room . . .  I yelled to the staff that I did not want ECT . . . No one listened . . . It was a traumatizing experience that haunts me to this day. A rubber band was wrapped around my forehead and a rubber mallet put between my teeth. Then the psychiatrist turned on the shock machine and zapped me with electricity through the brain. (Inquiry Into Psychiatry, 2005)

While of course not all ECT administration involves people kicking and screaming in protest, what this story writes large is that everything about ECT is violent. That the entire experience is traumatizing. A reality which is all the more horrific when you factor in what allowed this to transpire in the first place—besides the avarice and the grandiosity of the ECT industry, a obvious distrust of youth, a dismissal of people’s words, rights, choices, a willful disregard for very real circumstances of people’s lives, an arrogance of massive proportion, and what minimally looks like callousness.
 What has happened here? A young woman was abused at home. She was persuaded to seek help only to be imprisoned and otherwise abused by the so-called helping institution. Moreover, she was singled out for a experimental treatment that was already known to be brain-damaging (see Breggin, 1979).
Now people reading the literature on the efficacy of ECT with suicide might consider the choice of ECT appropriate in this instance. But here not only the senselessness of psychiatry but the groundlessness of official ECT claims are highlighted. Besides the fact that there was a simple solution to what was now seen as Sue’s “suicidality”—listening to her and stopping abusing her—the point is, as documented in Burstow (2015) and Breggin (2008) just as ECT has no efficacy in general, it has no efficacy whatever with “suicide”. That said, insofar as we are trying to figure out what the story so far has to teach us, there is one additional dimension to factor in, albeit one less obvious.  
Step back and look at what is happening at this juncture and what led up to it. The adult male is forcing ECT on the female youth. This is adultism and indeed child abuse at the extreme. What is perhaps less obvious to some, though, it is also sexism. The woman’s story, significantly, is disbelieved. It is assumed that “the woman” needs ECT. And, note, the statistics on gender are clear: Throughout the entire history of shock, two to three times as many as women as men receive ECT irrespective of whether or not they are deemed “suicidal”. For a possible explanation of why, I would draw attention to this historical statement by shock promoter Abraham Myerson:

I believe there have to be organic changes or organic disturbances in the physiology of the brain for the cure to take place.  These people have for the time being at any rate more intelligence than they can handle . . . and the reduction of intelligence is an important factor in the curative process. (quoted from Breggin, 1979, pp. 142-143)

Given the statistics, it is clear that the people covered by Myerson’s term “these people” are largely women, and that on some level, the reduction of women’s intelligence is being deemed acceptable, and beyond that, desirable.
To make a more general statement about gender here (though this part is not so clear), Sue might not have been abused to this extent had she been male—certainly, was less likely to be sexually abused, given what we know of sexual abuse. Had she been abused to this extent, she was less likely have landed in a psychiatric facility. And had she landed in psychiatric facility—and here the statistics are irrefutable—she would have been far less likely to be subjected to ECT. What is relevant in this last regard, throughout the history of electroshock, irrespective of diagnosis, women have received ECT two to three times as often as men (for an example of a current statistic, see Weitz, 2009).
How many “treatments” did Sue end up having? Five. All against her wishes. All brutal. Why so few? Because a physical “complication” entered in, forcing them to stop. 
What happened after that highlights additional realities about shock. From that period hence, Sue was someone who suffered from major memory and cognitive impairment, The hospital had done its “job”, and now she was forced to live her life with the consequences. Which for all intents and purposes boils down to this: Whatever her original dreams may have been—becoming a philosopher, having a regular job—thanks to a purported “safe and effective treatment”, all such options were now nullified.
And here one further fundamental truth about ECT is highlighted—how little it takes for massive damage to happen. Sue, note, had five treatments only—a very low number.  While ECT advocates sometimes suggest that trying a few treatments could not hurt—the consequences for Sue, as for legions of others, demonstrate otherwise. 
The point is no matter how many shock are given or what type of shock is used, the memory loss can be enormous. Nor does it self-correct. The memory loss is not, that is, as promoters like Fink (1979 and 2009) are so fond of claiming, minor and transient.
Flash forward: For the rest of her life, Sue had to take notes all day long just to keep track of what was happening. “I’ll be talking to you today,” she stated in my video, “and tomorrow, it’ll be hard for me to recall . . . our conversation.” (Burstow, 1994).  She further stated 11 years later:

I have a difficult time remembering things from hour to hour, let alone from day to day. I forget to mark things down in my date book and I have forgotten appointments, meetings, trips, conferences, and the list goes on. People come up to me to this day and say, “Do you remember me—and I don’t know who they are. I can’t remember some of my neighbours’ names who I see on a daily basis . . . You can’t get a job when you can’t remember. You can’t go to school to get a good education if you can’t remember anything . . . Marking things down doesn’t even help me much for I forget where I wrote the things down. (Inquiry into Psychiatry, 2005)

A reality, I would add, which not only points to the damaging nature of this treatment—which it surely does—but once again points to the gender dynamic. In this regard, Sackeim et al. (2007) conducted the large study in ECT history and they established at a level of statistical significance that women administered ECT become more cognitively impaired that men, with inability to recall details of their lives particularly pronounced.
In summary, what Sue’s story reveals and reveals powerfully is the damaging nature of ECT particularly and psychiatry in general, psychiatry as an inherently oppressive and inherently dishonest institution, the foundationlessness of ECT as a “treatment”; the destruction of self that is part and parcel of ECT; psychiatry’s erasure of the social nature of people’s problems; and the dearth of real help for people in difficult predicaments. It likewise sheds light on the degree of social buy-in into psychiatry, with psychiatry’s cooptation of our educational system especially highlighted. And last but hardly least, it sheds light on the role played by sexism and ageism. 
That said, what we can learn from Sue’s life hardly stops here. Sue’s life likewise offers us a glimpse into a very different reality. And I could not end this article without also focusing in on it. The damage done to Sue was horrific and beyond dispute. The point, however, is, as philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre (1943/1956) put it decades ago, we can always make something of what has been made of us—and indeed Sue did—and did so brilliantly and with panache.
Albeit while persistently having to take notes all day long—and to be clear, these  dire effects never subsided—after consulting with a few of us when in her early 20s, Sue went on to become a fearless antipsychiatry activist and one of the world’s foremost advocates against ECT. In the end, as those of us who have had the privilege of knowing this remarkable woman are well aware, Sue led a highly meaningful live—a life of commitment, humanity, generosity, and integrity—and in the process, besides accomplishing much, she became a critical part of the social justice landscape and an inspiration to those around her. She demonstrated against ECT tirelessly. She meticulously highlighted what the research actually shows. She created numerous myth-fact sheets. She was co-founder along with her husband Steve of the enormously important International Campaign to Ban Electroshock (ICBE) and she managed its website (see https://intcamp.wordpress.com/). She wrote poems about ECT. She created and disseminated petitions. She networked with other activists and with legislators and scholars across the world. She made deputations. And she created her own whistle blower hotline.
 And whenever a hearing was happening, a video being made, there was Sue offering thrillingly frank testimony, never missing an opportunity to draw on her own experience to expose and teach. She also pointed the way, not only insisting on the importance of ending ECT but also of targeting the state.
In this last regard, to end this article the only way that I could imagine it ending, with a quote from the fearless, the outspoken Sue Clark-Wittenberg—here is Sue at her quintessential best, mincing no words, and announcing to everyone that ECT is torture in which the State itself is complicit:

All the therapy in the world is not going to erase the scars of being dragged into a room, having a band on your head, and having your brains fried. People say there’s no torture in Canada. That’s pure bullshit.  And excuse my language. There is torture being paid for by the Ministry of Health. (quoted from Burstow, 1994)

In the end, what words better than her own to show who this remarkable woman was?  And what words better than hers to commemorate her? 

(for this and other related articles, see http://www.bizomadness.blogspot.ca).

References

Andre, L. (2009). Doctors of deception. New Brunswick, New Jersey: Rutgers University Press.
Breggin, P. (1979). Electroshock: It’s brain-disabling effects. New York: Springer.
Breggin, P. (2008). Brain-damaging treatments in psychiatry. New York: Springer.
Burstow, B. (2015). Psychiatry and the business of madness: An ethical and epistemological accounting. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
Burstow, B. (1994). When women end up in those horrible places. Video. Burstow: Toronto.
Fink, M. (1979). Convulsive therapy. New York: Raven.
Fink, M. (2009). Electroconvulsive therapy. New York: Oxford University Press.
Frank, L. (1975/1978). The history of shock treatment. San Francisco: Network Against Psychiatric Assault.
Inquiry into Psychiatry (2005). Retrieved August 9 2015 from https://coalitionagainstpsychiatricassault.wordpress.com/articles/personal-narratives/
Sackeim, H. et al. (2007). The cognitive effects of electroconvulsive therapy in community settings. Neuropsychopharmacology, 32, 244-255.
Sartre, J-P (1943/1956) Being and nothingness (Hazel Barnes, Trans.) New York: Pocket Books.
Weitz, D. (2009). ECT statistics 2008. Unpublished statistics released under Freedom of Information. Austin.